Total Link Matches Found: 61       Showing Links #1 - 50 +more
Tag(s) Selected:  US National Guard
Search:
:
   + Advanced Options        Search Tips        Legend
     


12/30/2011 The 'Occupy' movement lives
Gina Glantz was most recently an adjunct lecturer at the Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard University’s Kennedy School. The hashtag #occupywallstreet inspired the most basic of organizing strategies: sit-ins. OWS sit-ins became encampments, many of which are now being dismantled by law enforcement and debilitated by weather. As the movement is increasingly out of the sight of pundits and the popular media, and criticized as leaderless and lacking a clear purpose, it has become fashionable to talk about OWS as inevitably failing. This is a mistake. Encampment “occupiers” come and go; hashtag followers live on in cyberspace, where OWS is spawning leaders and developing goals, just not in the way that most people are accustomed to. Consider: ●The Occupy Wiki Research Group, of which I am a member, has a robust online dialogue among college professors, organizing practitioners and activists. Weekly phone calls refine their efforts. ●Occupytogether.org was started by two designers who couldn’t get to New York so tried to track, on their own, activities around the country. Overwhelmed by the volume, they recently incorporated MeetUp.com into their site. ●Maps depicting FourSquare locations using the Occupy Wall Street hashtag show thousands of check-ins across the country. ●Students at Boulder Digital Works at the University of Colorado built Occupationalist.org, which describes itself as “an impartial and real-time view of the Occupy Wall Street movement. Covering history as it unfolds. No filters. No delays.” ●An urban gardening advocate’s blog about how Occupy Wall Street can help communities seeking to take over empty lots is circulating on Facebook. (Washington Post)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 1/15/12                   0       6
#1 



1/9/2011 Top US Federal Judge Assassinated After Threat To Obama Agenda
A Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) report circulating in the Kremlin today states that the top US Federal Judge for the State of Arizona was assassinated barely 72-hours after he made a critical ruling against the Obama administrations plan to begin the confiscation of their citizen’s private retirement and banking accounts in order to stave off their nations imminent economic collapse, and after having the US Marshals protecting him removed. According to this SVR report, Federal Judge John McCarthy Roll was the Chief Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Arizona who this past Friday issued what is called a “preliminary ruling” in a case titled “United States of America v. $333,520.00 in United States Currency et al” [Case Number: 4:2010cv00703 Filed: November 30, 2010] wherein he stated he was preparing to rule against Obama’s power to seize American citizens money without clear and convincing evidence of a crime being committed. The case being ruled on by Judge Roll, this report continues, was about bulk cash smuggling into or out of the United States that the Obama administration claimed was their right to seize under what are called Presidential Executive Orders, instead of using existing laws. The Obama administration used as support for their claim before Judge Roll, the SVR says, the seizing of all American citizens’ gold, in 1933, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s signing of Executive Order 6102, which was ruled at the time to be constitutional. Should the Obama administration win their argument to seize their citizen’s money by Executive Order without having to abide by the law was made more chilling this past week when reports emerged from the US stating that President Obama and his regime allies were, indeed, preparing to rule America by decree since their loss this past November of their control over the US House of Representatives, and in the words of the Washington Posts columnist Charles Krauthammer: “For an Obama bureaucrat … the will of the Congress is a mere speed bump”. Since taking office in early 2009, Obama has completely overturned the once free United States through his use of Executive Orders that asserts his power to put anyone he wants in prison without charges or trial forever and his right to assassinate any American citizen he deems a threat. (What Does It Mean)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 3/12/11                   0       3
#2 



6/3/2010 Units make history with Air Force's first homeland defense ORI
Three units representing each component of the Air Force made history here May 16 through 23 when they successfully completed the first homeland defense operational readiness inspection. (U.S. Northern Command)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 6/22/10                   0       7
#3 



5/24/2010 Confirmed: Russian & Foreign Troops Ordered Into U.S.
Many people have commented that they are simply being activated in preparation for deployments to Iraq this summer, but one ‘CONFIRMED’ report involved the Minnesota 1st Brigade Combat Team and marks the largest deployment of Minnesota military forces since World War II. This alone is highly suspicious.

The More disturbing INTEL that has hit the wire in the past couple of days is the report of large numbers of foreign troops arriving at a large naval base in San Diego, California. This report came at dusk on Wednesday May 19, 2010. U.S. Navy vessels were spotted unloading extremely large numbers of UN and Russian troops and Equipment. They disembarked the vessels as it was still light out in plain sight. Mostly Russian troops.

This is extremely important INTEL because there have been reports that U.S. Secretary Napolitano had previously requested 3 to 4 brigades of troops from the Russian government to specifically assist in the quelling of domestic civil unrest by U.S. Citizens. This was done by the Obama Administration (Intel Hub)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/29/10                   0       18
#4 



5/19/2010 Pentagon, Police Stage Terror Attack Exercise in Long Beach
The Adler Realty Investment company in Long Beach has sent a notice to residents (see below) informing them that “response agencies,” including the U.S. Coast Guard, the local police and fire department along with the military will be conducting a training exercise in the city. “Port Protector 2010,” an attachment to the notice states, will consist of a training exercise in response to a “terrorist threat” including a “hostage scenario” and Hazmat training. (Prison Planet)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/24/10                   0       18
#5 



2/1/2010 National Drug Control Budget
FY 2011 Funding Highlights (White House)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 2/23/10                   0       6
#6 



1/11/2010 Establishment of the Council of Governors
Presidential Executive Order #13528 (White House)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 2/15/10                   1       13
#7 



8/13/2009 FIN Special Report National Guard Practices For H1N1 Outbreak (WMTW)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 8/27/09      
            		 0       11
#8 



8/13/2009 National Guard drill at high school to prepare for possible H1N1 riot
Oxford Hills Comprehensive High School will be the site of a National Guard riot control drill Thursday morning to prepare in the event of a panic over distribution of serum to treat the swine flu (Sun Journal)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 8/27/09                   0       11
#9 



8/10/2009 Governors, Pentagon joust for command of domestic military forces
The National Governors Association sent a letter Friday to the U.S. Department of Defense condemning an effort to usurp domestic control of National Guard and federal forces deployed in the event of a natural disaster or terrorist attack (The Raw Story)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 8/27/09                   0       10
#10 



8/10/2009 Swine Flu's Worst Case Scenario: Paranoia or Preparedness?
An uncontrollable, deadly virus ravages America, shutting down civilian institutions and triggering martial law. Vaccinations are compulsory, and there are mass quarantines throughout the country. (FOX)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 8/27/09                   0       14
#11 



8/5/2009 Possible National Guard Deployment in Alabama Result of Bankster Scam (CBS)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 8/21/09      
            		 0       13
#12 



8/4/2009 Guard troops may be needed in troubled Ala. county
The sheriff in Alabama's most populous county may call for the National Guard to help maintain order, a spokesman said Tuesday, after a judge cleared the way for cuts in the sheriff's budget and hopes dimmed for a quick end to a budget crisis (Associated Press)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 8/21/09                   0       12
#13 



8/4/2009 National Guard Needed To Protect Alabama County From Fatal Interest Rate Swaps
A few years ago Jefferson County, Alabama bought 17 interest rate swaps from JP Morgan, Lehman Brothers and Bank of America with the intention of hedging interest rate risk (Business Insider)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 8/21/09                   0       12
#14 



8/4/2009 Troops may be deployed to Alabama county
A spokesman for Hale, Randy Christian, said the sheriff told Riley after the ruling that state assistance may be needed to perform basic law enforcement tasks once the department’s current funding is exhausted in early September (Associated Press)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 8/21/09                   0       12
#15 



7/1/2009 Florida Job Posting: Corrections Officer Internment/Resettlement Specialist, Army National Guard (iHispano.com)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 8/5/09                   0       9
#16 



5/24/2009 FBI ‘lured dimwits’ into terror plot
The arrest of petty crooks over a plan to target Jews has put the use of sting operations under fire (London Times)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/26/09                   4       25
#17 



4/14/2009 National Guard on Alert for Violence from TEA Party Protesters?
A reader just sent me a Force Protection Advisory issued by the Maryland National Guard dated April 9, two days after the DHS report (The Jawa Report)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 6/15/09                   3       21
#18 



3/19/2009 Schenectady mayor considers options, martial law over police woes
Five Schenectady police officers recently accused of everything from driving drunk to beating up a man are leading city officials to look at taking drastic action to fix a department tainted by the few who may have acted illegally (NY Capital News 9)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 8/21/09                   0       8
#19 



1/23/2009 Department of Defence Directive 1404.10: Civilian Expeditionary Workforce
Civilian Expeditionary Workforce shall deploy in support of combat operations by the military...

Management retains the authority to assign civilian employees, either voluntarily, involuntarily, or on an unexpected basis... (Department of Defense)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/26/09                   3       23
#20 



1/10/2009 Martial Law, the Financial Bailout, and the Afghan and Iraq Wars
The excuse for bypassing normal legislative procedures was the existence of an emergency. But one of the most reprehensible features of the legislation, that it allowed Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson to permit bailed-out institutions to use public money for exorbitant salaries and bonuses, was inserted by Paulson after the immediate crisis had passed.

It is worth noticing that, ever since the 1950s, dubious events--of the unpublic variety I have called deep events--have marked the last months before a change of party in the White House. These deep events have tended to a) constrain incoming presidents, if the incomer is a Democrat, or alternatively b) to pave the way for the incomer, if he is a Republican. (The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 6/2/10                   0       7
#21 



1/1/2009 Top 25 of 2009: # 2 Security and Prosperity Partnership: Militarized NAFTA
Leaders of Canada, the US, and Mexico have been meeting to secretly expand the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with “deep integration” of a more militarized tri-national Homeland Security force. Taking shape under the radar of the respective governments and without public knowledge or consideration, the Security and Prosperity Partnership (SPP)—headquartered in Washington—aims to integrate the three nations into a single political, economic, and security bloc. The SPP was launched at a meeting of Presidents George W. Bush and Vicente Fox, and Prime Minister Paul Martin, in Waco, Texas, on March 31, 2005. The official US web page describes the SPP as “. . . a White House-led initiative among the United States and Canada and Mexico to increase security and to enhance prosperity . . .” The SPP is not a law, or a treaty, or even a signed agreement. All these would require public debate and participation of Congress. The SPP was born in the “war on terror” era and reflects an inordinate emphasis on US security as interpreted by the Department of Homeland Security. Its accords mandate border actions, military and police training, modernization of equipment, and adoption of new technologies, all under the logic of the US counter-terrorism campaign. Head of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff, along with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Secretary of Finance Carlos Gutierrez, are the three officials charged with attending SPP ministerial conferences. (Project Censored)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 11/9/10                   0       1
#22 



12/1/2008 Pentagon to Detail Troops to Bolster Domestic Security
The U.S. military expects to have 20,000 uniformed troops inside the United States by 2011 trained to help state and local officials respond to a nuclear terrorist attack or other domestic catastrophe, according to Pentagon officials (Washington Post)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 8/27/09                   0       12
#23 



11/25/2008 Military Examines Role In Domestic Defense
Citizen Soldiers May Need More Training On Homeland Operations, Defense Secretary Says
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/6/09                   1       20
#24 



9/30/2008 Brigade homeland tours start Oct. 1
3rd Infantry’s 1st BCT trains for a new dwell-time mission. Helping ‘people at home’ may become a permanent part of the active Army

The 3rd Infantry Division’s 1st Brigade Combat Team has spent 35 of the last 60 months in Iraq patrolling in full battle rattle, helping restore essential services and escorting supply convoys. Now they’re training for the same mission — with a twist — at home. Beginning Oct. 1 for 12 months, the 1st BCT will be under the day-to-day control of U.S. Army North, the Army service component of Northern Command, as an on-call federal response force for natural or manmade emergencies and disasters, including terrorist attacks. It is not the first time an active-duty unit has been tapped to help at home. In August 2005, for example, when Hurricane Katrina unleashed hell in Mississippi and Louisiana, several active-duty units were pulled from various posts and mobilized to those areas. But this new mission marks the first time an active unit has been given a dedicated assignment to NorthCom, a joint command established in 2002 to provide command and control for federal homeland defense efforts and coordinate defense support of civil authorities. (Army Times)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/4/09                   2       18
#25 



2/18/2008 Concentration Camps in America
If you type the phrase “concentration camps” into your Internet search engine, you will find page after page of references to martial law and the construction of concentration camps in the United States on behalf of the Department of Defense, the Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). A close examination reveals that many of these references lack sufficient facts to support their conclusions; however, taken as a whole, there is an abundance of factual information showing an alarming trend in the deployment of federal and military forces to restrain and detain American citizens. Among the Internet sites are those listing between 600 and 800 locations in the United States where the government is establishing “concentration camps.” Many of these are former or active military bases; however, several provide detailed information about their location and improvements, including maps, videos, and satellite photographs... (William John Cox)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 11/9/10                   0       1
#26 



4/26/2007 ‘Ardent Sentry’ Tests U.S., Canadian Crisis Response Capabilities
Thousands of active-duty and National Guard servicemembers will take part in a two-week, Defense Department-sponsored nationwide emergency preparedness and response exercise that kicks off April 30, a senior department official said here yesterday. A major focus of Operation Ardent Sentry

Northern Edge 2007 will be to test crisis-response coordination between federally controlled military forces and National Guard units that come under the command of state governors, Peter F. Verga, acting assistant secretary of defense for homeland defense, told the Pentagon Channel and American Forces Press Service at the Pentagon. The exercise, directed by the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, is slated to end May 18. It is co-sponsored by U.S. Northern Command and also includes participation by the U.S. North American Aerospace Defense Command, the Department of Homeland Security and the Canadian armed forces, according to NORTHCOM documents. (US Department of Defense)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 9/24/10                   0       1
#27 



1/12/2007 Governors lose in power struggle over National Guard
White House now will be empowered to go over a governor's head and call up National Guard troops to aid a state in time of natural disasters or other public emergencies (Stateline)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/6/09                   0       14
#28 
keywords: National Emergency, US National Guard, White House Add New Keyword To Link



8/1/2006 9/11 Live: The NORAD Tapes
How did the U.S. Air Force respond on 9/11? Could it have shot down United 93, as conspiracy theorists claim? Obtaining 30 hours of never-before-released tapes from the control room of NORAD's Northeast head-quarters, the author reconstructs the chaotic military history of that day, and the Pentagon's apparent attempt to cover it up

Powell's question—"Is this real-world or exercise?"—is heard nearly verbatim over and over on the tapes as troops funnel onto the ops floor and are briefed about the hijacking. Powell, like almost everyone in the room, first assumes the phone call is from the simulations team on hand to send "inputs"—simulated scenarios—into play for the day's training exercise.

FOX: "I've never seen so much real-world stuff happen during an exercise." (Vanity Fair)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/8/09                   2       34
#29 



10/4/2005 Martial Law and the Avian Flu Pandemic
Why all of a sudden is avian flu on the presidential agenda? (Global Research)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 7/17/09                   0       11
#30 



9/26/2005 Bush offers Pentagon as 'lead agency' in disasters
"Is there a circumstance in which the Department of Defense becomes the lead agency?" Mr. Bush asked members of a military task force participating in Hurricane Rita relief efforts (Washington Times)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/16/09                   4       24
#31 



9/24/2005 US Northern Command and Hurricane Rita
There are indications that the Bush Administration is preparing to enact far-reaching emergency procedures in response to Hurricane Rita, which could potentially lead the country into a situation of Martial Law (Global Research)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/17/09                   2       25
#32 



9/23/2005 Units Prepare to Respond to Rita; Bush to Visit NORTHCOM
The Air Force is moving aircraft out of the projected path of Hurricane Rita and skilled teams of professionals into strategic positions ready to respond in the wake of Rita. (American Forces Press Service)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/16/09                   5       23
#33 



9/19/2005 Disaster relief? Call in the Marines
Bush suggests a broader domestic role for the military (Christian Science Monitor)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/16/09                   4       25
#34 



9/17/2005 Historic changes possible in military's role in domestic emergencies
Bush's push to give the military a bigger role in responding to major disasters like Hurricane Katrina could lead to a loosening of legal limits on the use of federal troops on U.S. soil (USA Today)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/16/09                   4       25
#35 



9/15/2005 Federal troops should be first responders to natural disasters, experts say
Pentagon officials and military experts are war-gaming future domestic catastrophes with the full-time military playing an integral first-responder role

possibly as a police force

which is now illegal (Gannet News Service)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/16/09                   3       25
#36 



9/12/2005 New Orleans becomes federal city as recovery efforts grind on
A metropolis that once bustled with busy residents and tourists who partied on Bourbon Street is now occupied by U.S. military forces and a dozen federal agencies working side by side, street by street, with state and local authorities. It seems that every agency wants a piece of this action (Government Executive)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/16/09                   3       26
#37 



9/9/2005 Some Urge Greater Use of Troops in Major Disasters
The breakdown of local and state agencies that tried to respond to Hurricane Katrina has spurred fresh debate about whether disasters of such magnitude ought to be turned over to the U.S. military and other federal authorities to manage at the outset (Washington Post)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/16/09                   4       23
#38 



9/8/2005 National Guard Confiscating Guns in New Orleans (ABC)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/7/09      
            		 1       13
#39 



9/8/2005 New Orleans Begins Confiscating Firearms as Water Recedes
No civilians in New Orleans will be allowed to carry pistols, shotguns or other firearms, said P. Edwin Compass III, the superintendent of police. "Only law enforcement are allowed to have weapons," he said. (New York Times)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/16/09                   2       26
#40 



9/6/2005 FEMA Executive Orders Paved The Way For Emerging Police State Hell
New Orleans is just the first to fall

Executive Orders overview (Prison Planet)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/16/09                   2       26
#41 



9/4/2005 12 Lessons That South Carolina Can Learn From Katrina
In 2001, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ranked the most likely and deadly disasters that could befall the United States. The top three were: * a terrorist attack on New York * an earthquake in San Francisco * a hurricane in New Orleans The list was announced at a conference on Sept. 10. The next day was 9/11. Two of those three uber-disasters now have occurred, and emergency response to the catastrophes is being criticized as inadequate and, in some cases, ”such as housing refugees in New Orleans' Louisiana Superdome” irresponsible. Friday, President Bush called the federal response to Hurricane Katrina "unacceptable." (The State Newspaper)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 4/3/11                   0       1
#42 
keywords: 9/11, Cathy Haynes, Charleston, Charleston County Emergency Preparedness Division, David Prevatt, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Florida, George W Bush, Georgia, Gulf Of Mexico, Houston, Hurricane Andrew, Hurricane Floyd, Hurricane Georges, Hurricane Hugo, Hurricane Katrina, Jim Beasley, Joe Riley, Louisiana, Miami-dade County, Military, Mississippi, Myrtle Beach, New Orleans, New York City, Police, Randall Webster, Red Cross, San Antonio, San Francisco, South Carolina, Superdome, Susan Cutter, Times-picayune, US Army Corps Of Engineers, US National Guard, United States, Walter Baumy Add New Keyword To Link



9/3/2005 Failure on Every Front
Impeach Bush Now, Before More Die

Bush's single-minded focus on the "war against terrorism" has compounded a natural disaster and turned it into the greatest calamity in American history. The US has lost its largest and most strategic port, thousands of lives, and 80% of one of America's most historic cities is under water. If terrorists had achieved this result, it would rank as the greatest terrorist success in history. (Counter Punch)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/15/09                   2       25
#43 



9/3/2005 Homeland Security won't let Red Cross deliver food
"The Homeland Security Department has requested and continues to request that the American Red Cross not come back into New Orleans," said Renita Hosler, spokeswoman for the Red Cross. "Right now access is controlled by the National Guard and local authorities. We have been at the table every single day [asking for access]. We cannot get into New Orleans against their orders." (Pittsburgh Post-Gazette)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/14/09                   3       22
#44 



9/3/2005 Why did help take so long to arrive? Communication breakdown and lack of National Guard blamed for slow response (London Guardian)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/16/09                   1       26
#45 



8/27/2005 'Eyes in the sky' for homeland security
From blimps to do-it-yourself unmanned vehicles, a trend takes flight (MSNBC)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/14/09                   3       24
#46 
keywords: Aerial Drones, Afghanistan, Airship Management Services, American Border Patrol, Arizona, Blimp, Fuji, GPS, Glenn Spenser, Goodyear, Intelligence, Iraq, Mexico, Military, New Jersey Institute Of Technology, New York, New York City, Olympics, Police, Privacy, Purdue University, Science & Technology International, Terrorists, US Army, US Coast Guard, US Customs And Border Protection, US Department Of Defense, US Department Of Homeland Security, US National Guard, US Secret Service, United States, Washington DC Add New Keyword To Link



8/7/2005 War Plans Drafted To Counter Terror Attacks in U.S.
But the new plans provide for what several senior officers acknowledged is the likelihood that the military will have to take charge in some situations, especially when dealing with mass-casualty attacks that could quickly overwhelm civilian resources (Washington Post)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/14/09                   4       25
#47 



8/7/2005 War Plans Drafted To Counter Terror Attacks in U.S.
Domestic Effort Is Big Shift for Military

The possible scenarios range from "low end," relatively modest crowd-control missions to "high-end," full-scale disaster management after catastrophic attacks such as the release of a deadly biological agent or the explosion of a radiological device (Washington Post)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/17/09                   3       24
#48 



9/10/2003 The President's Story
The President Talks In Detail About His Sept. 11 Experience

No president since Abraham Lincoln had seen such horrific loss of life in a war on American soil. No president since James Madison, nearly 200 years ago, had seen the nation’s capital city successfully attacked. (CBS)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/31/10                   0       6
#49 



12/1/2002 War on Terrorism Will Compel Revisions to Posse Comitatus
Assuming that the military forces serve a supporting and supplementary role, working in conjunction with law enforcement authorities, prohibitions against military involvement in anti-terror operations are generally moot—or even irrelevant. (National Defense Magazine)
+ Show URL
 & ALL Tags
posted: 5/24/10                   0       4
#50 




Total Link Matches Found: 61       Showing Links #1 - 50
Result Pages: 1, 2